Jet & Jewelry

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Yes, I have gone around the bend with the Upheaval Impact Crater, BUT I have nailed down when it happened, and some of the damage (and WEALTH) it Created.

150 million years ago It ended the deposition of the Tidwell Member of the Morrison Formation (Dinosaur Days!) and began the Salt Wash Member - specifically in an area about an 80 mile radius around the impact site.

A Google Earth Image to consider.


The red V's are all areas where vanadium and uranium were mined in the 1950's, specifically in the petrified wood buried in the Salt wash Member of the Morrison Formation - With a few exceptions such and the Happy Jack Mine to the south found in the Shinarump (bottom layer of the Chinle) which was an eroded area at the time of impact.

pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1009h/report.pdf



What about the jet?
The Happy Jack report reveals how the burnt logs got there!

I wrote about it here:

forum.rocktumblinghobby.com/thread/64569/petrified-wood

#7. 92 150 Ma - JET - Petrified (Coalified) Wood. “Jet is a product of high pressure decomposition of wood from millions of years ago, commonly the wood of trees of the Araucariaceae family. Jet is found in two forms, hard and soft. Hard jet is the result of the carbon compression and salt water; soft jet is the result of the carbon compression and fresh water.”

During the 15th and 16th century it became fashionable to give Mourning Jewelry of black and white stones to relatives of the deceased
Mourning jewelry made of Jet (182 million year old early Jurassic, from Whitby, North Yorkshire, England) reached its height of popularity in England after the death of Prince Albert in December 1861. Queen Victoria went into deep mourning, which was imitated by her subjects when faced with their own bereavements.
Jet jewelry made a comeback with all the flu deaths and the first World War in 1918, and was adopted by the Flappers of the 1920's.

In 1916-18 Tiffany & Co of NYC heard of Jet being discovered near Hanksville Utah and purchased most of the entire production until supply finally overran demand in 1926.
In Utah it is found in two Cretaceous Rock Formations, The Dakota Sandstone and the Straight Cliffs.

Read more: forum.rocktumblinghobby.com/thread/64569/petrified-wood#ixzz5FhIzeioc

pubs.usgs.gov/mf/1985/1756a/report.pdf
“Jet, a gemstone variety of lignite coal, occurs near the top of the Cretaceous Dakota Sandstone
approximately 1/2 mi north of the study area in the SE1/4 sec. 22, T. 30 S., R. 10 E. (Gese, 1984b). Jet was produced from this area from 1919 to 1925, however, no jet is known to occur within the study area.

Geology and Mineral Resources of Garfield County, Utah 1957 - Page 159
“Jet Coal. Small amounts of jet coal are located ln the Straight Cliffs Formation which outcrops in the Right Hand Fork of Collet Canyon (Carcass Canyon quadrangle) on Smoky Mountain Road between the towns of Big Water on US 89 and Escalante on Utah 12, west of the Kaiparowits Plateau. The jet coal is found as coalified branches or pieces of branches completely enclosed in clay beds.
The best jet locality in the state of Utah is just north of the Henry Mountains in an area known as Jet Basin (Wayne County). The Jet Basin coal is found in a similar host as that in Garfield County, but the branches are flattened. Continued digging could expose additional logs or branches of this material. Jet coal is a shiny material that breaks conchoidally with a smooth surface. It can be polished into black jewelry. Jet has not been fashionable for many years.
More: pubs.usgs.gov/bul/1274j/report.pdf

From Utah 24 in Hanksville, turn south on 100E which continues as Sawmill Road as it leaves town. Continue south for about 6 miles. Turn right just before crossing Dry Wash (signed "Dugout Bench, Birch Creek"). Continue 4.2 miles to another junction. turn left and continue for 5.3 miles. Park close to the lower end of the knoll on the right side of the road. Find a trail down into the basin and walk about 0.5 miles to begin looking for jet. The jet occurs below a 6 inch coal bed.

Consider the impact!


Data from the Purdue Impact site:
www.purdue.edu/impactearth/

Heavy Body Asteroid Upheaval Impact
Consisting of Vanadium, Uranium, Tantalum, niobium, arsenic, strontium, etc.

0.2 Mi diameter
The projectile begins to breakup at an altitude of 23300 meters = 76300 ft
The projectile reaches the ground in a broken condition. The mass of projectile strikes the surface at velocity 29.6 km/s = 18.4 miles/s
The impact energy is 6.1 x 10^19 Joules = 1.46 x 10^4 MegaTons.
The broken projectile fragments strike the ground in an ellipse of dimension 1.01 km by 0.504 km

Crater shape is normal in spite of atmospheric crushing; fragments are not significantly dispersed.
Transient Crater Diameter: 6.89 km ( = 4.28 miles )
Transient Crater Depth: 2.44 km ( = 1.51 miles )
Final Crater Diameter: 8.9 km ( = 5.53 miles )
Final Crater Depth: 571 meters ( = 1870 feet )
The crater formed is a complex crater.

The volume of the target melted or vaporized is 0.271 km^3 ( = 0.0651 miles^3 )
Roughly half the melt remains in the crater, where its average thickness is 7.29 meters ( = 23.9 feet ).

10 Miles away
The ejecta will arrive approximately 57.4 seconds after the impact.
At your position there is a fine dusting of ejecta with occasional larger fragments.
Average Ejecta Thickness: 4.81 meters ( = 15.8 feet )
Mean Fragment Diameter: 7.08 meters ( = 23.2 feet )

Time for maximum radiation: 266 milliseconds after impact
Visible fireball radius: 7.85 km ( = 4.88 miles )
The fireball appears 111 times larger than the sun
Thermal Exposure: 1.12 x 10^8 Joules/m^2
Duration of Irradiation: 1.71 minutes
Radiant flux (relative to the sun): 1090

Effects of Thermal Radiation:
Clothing ignites. Much of the body suffers third degree burns.
Newspaper ignites. Plywood flames. Deciduous trees ignite. Grass ignites.

The major seismic shaking will arrive approximately 3.22 seconds after impact.
Richter Scale Magnitude: 7.4
Mercalli Scale Intensity at a distance of 16.1 km:
General panic. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. Serious damage to reservoirs. Underground pipes broken. Conspicuous cracks in ground. In alluviated areas sand and mud ejected, earthquake fountains, sand craters.
Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their foundations. Some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed. Serious damage to dams, dikes, embankments. Large landslides. Water thrown on banks of canals, rivers, lakes, etc. Sand and mud shifted horizontally on beaches and flat land. Rails bent slightly.

The air blast will arrive approximately 48.8 seconds after impact.
Peak Overpressure: 1780000 Pa = 17.8 bars = 253 psi
Max wind velocity: 1040 m/s = 2330 mph
Sound Intensity: 125 dB (Dangerously Loud)

Damage Description:
Multistory wall-bearing buildings will collapse.
Wood frame buildings will almost completely collapse.
Multistory steel-framed office-type buildings will suffer extreme frame distortion, incipient collapse.
Highway truss bridges will collapse.
Highway girder bridges will collapse.
Glass windows will shatter.
Cars and trucks will be largely displaced and grossly distorted and will require rebuilding before use.
Up to 90 percent of trees blown down; remainder stripped of branches and leaves.


20 Miles away:
The ejecta will arrive approximately 1.36 minutes after the impact.
At your position there is a fine dusting of ejecta with occasional larger fragments.
Average Ejecta Thickness: 60.1 cm ( = 23.7 inches )
Mean Fragment Diameter: 1.13 meters ( = 3.7 feet )


The major seismic shaking will arrive approximately 6.44 seconds after impact.
Richter Scale Magnitude: 7.4
Mercalli Scale Intensity at a distance of 32.2 km:

General panic. Damage considerable in specially designed structures; well-designed frame structures thrown out of plumb. Damage great in substantial buildings, with partial collapse. Buildings shifted off foundations. Serious damage to reservoirs. Underground pipes broken. Conspicuous cracks in ground. In alluviated areas sand and mud ejected, earthquake fountains, sand craters.

Most masonry and frame structures destroyed with their foundations. Some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed. Serious damage to dams, dikes, embankments. Large landslides. Water thrown on banks of canals, rivers, lakes, etc. Sand and mud shifted horizontally on beaches and flat land. Rails bent slightly.


The air blast will arrive approximately 1.63 minutes after impact.
Peak Overpressure: 386000 Pa = 3.86 bars = 54.8 psi
Max wind velocity: 438 m/s = 981 mph
Sound Intensity: 112 dB (May cause ear pain)

Damage Description:
Multistory wall-bearing buildings will collapse.
Wood frame buildings will almost completely collapse.
Multistory steel-framed office-type buildings will suffer extreme frame distortion, incipient collapse.
Highway truss bridges will collapse.
Highway girder bridges will collapse.
Glass windows will shatter.
Up to 90 percent of trees blown down; remainder stripped of branches and leaves.

40 miles away:
The ejecta will arrive approximately 1.92 minutes after the impact.
At your position there is a fine dusting of ejecta with occasional larger fragments.
Average Ejecta Thickness: 7.52 cm ( = 2.96 inches )
Mean Fragment Diameter: 18 cm ( = 7.07 inches )

The major seismic shaking will arrive approximately 12.9 seconds after impact.
Richter Scale Magnitude: 7.4
Mercalli Scale Intensity at a distance of 64.4 km:

The air blast will arrive approximately 3.25 minutes after impact.
Peak Overpressure: 90700 Pa = 0.907 bars = 12.9 psi
Max wind velocity: 160 m/s = 359 mph
Sound Intensity: 99 dB (May cause ear pain)

Damage Description:
Multistory wall-bearing buildings will collapse.
Wood frame buildings will almost completely collapse.
Glass windows will shatter.
Up to 90 percent of trees blown down; remainder stripped of branches and leaves.

80 Miles away:
The ejecta will arrive approximately 2.73 minutes after the impact.
At your position there is a fine dusting of ejecta with occasional larger fragments.
Average Ejecta Thickness: 9.4 mm ( = 3.7 tenths of an inch )
Mean Fragment Diameter: 2.86 cm ( = 1.13 inches )

The major seismic shaking will arrive approximately 25.8 seconds after impact.
Richter Scale Magnitude: 7.4
Mercalli Scale Intensity at a distance of 128.8 km:

The air blast will arrive approximately 6.51 minutes after impact.
Peak Overpressure: 24500 Pa = 0.245 bars = 3.48 psi
Max wind velocity: 52.6 m/s = 118 mph
Sound Intensity: 88 dB (Loud as heavy traffic)

Damage Description:
Interior partitions of wood frame buildings will be blown down. Roof will be severely damaged.
Glass windows will shatter.
About 30 percent of trees blown down; remainder have some branches and leaves blown off.

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Happy Jack Vanadium, Uranium Mine

Geology of the Happy Jack Mine White Canyon Area San Juan County, Utah
-By ALBERT F. TRITES, JR., and RANDALL T. CHEW, III

ABSTRACT
The Happy Jack mine is in the White Canyon area, San Juan County, Utah. Production is from high-grade uranium deposits in the Shinarump conglomerate of Triassic age. The Shinarump strata range from 16 to 40 feet in thickness and the lower part of these beds fills an eastward-trending channel that is more than 750 feet wide and 10 feet deep.The Shinarump conglomerate consists of beds of coarse- to fine-grained quartz- lose sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone, and claystone. Carbonized wood is abundant in these beds, and in the field it was classified as mineral charcoal and coal.

Channels within the Shinarump, cross-stratification, current lineation, and slumping and compaction structures have been recognized in the mine. Steeply dipping fractures have dominant trends in four directions, N. 65° W.t N. 60° E., N. 85° E., and due north.

Uranium occurs as bedded deposits, as replacement bodies in accumulations of "trash," and as replacements of larger fragments of wood. An "ore shoot" is formed where the three types of uranium deposits occur together; these ore shoots appear to be elongate masses with sharp boundaries.

Uranium minerals include uraninite, sooty pitchblende(?), and the sulfates betazippeite, johannite, and uranopilite. Associated with the uraninite are the sulfide minerals covellite, bornite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite. Galena and sphalerite have been found in close association with uranium minerals.

The gangue minerals include limonite and hematite (present in most of the sandstone beds throughout the deposit), jarosite that impregnates much of the sandstone in the outer parts of the mine workings, gypsum that fills many of the fractures, and barite that impregnates the sandstone in at least one part of the mine. Secondary copper minerals, mainly copper sulfates, occur throughout the mine, but are most abundant in the outermost 30 feet of the workings. The bulk of the country rock consists of quartz and feldspar, and clay minerals.

The amount of uranium minerals deposited in a sandstone bed is believed to have been determined by the position of the bed in the channel, the permeability of the sandstone in the bed, and the amount of carbonized wood and plant remains within the bed. Not all of these features can be demonstrated in the Happy Jack mine itself. The beds considered most favorable for uranium deposition contain an abundance of claystone and siltstone both as matrix filling and as fragments.

Suggested exploration guides for uranium ore bodies include interbedded siltstone lenses, claystone and siltstone cement and pebbles, concentrations of "trash," covellite and bornite, chalcopyrite, and carbonized wood.

INTRODUCTION SCOPE AND PURPOSE
The Happy Jack mine contains the largest known uranium deposit in the White Canyon area, San Juan County, Utah (fig. 38). A detailed study was started by the U. S. Geological Survey to determine the mode of occurrence of the uranium minerals, and the structural and lithologic features useful as ore guides at the Happy Jack mine and elsewhere in the White Canyon area.

This report gives preliminary results of detailed mapping done during the 1952 field season, summarizes habits of the uranium deposits, and presents guides that may be useful in exploring for additional deposits. A map of the Happy Jack mine is shown in figure 39. The large-scale map (pis. 8, 9) of part of the mine was prepared by Trites and Renzetti from June 15 to July 4. Between August 7 and October 2 Trites and Chew mapped the walls of about 750 feet of drifts in the northeast part of the mine on a scale of 1 inch = 5 feet. The fracture map (pi. 8) was prepared from the information on the wall maps by projecting all fractures to a waist-high datum plane.The work described in this report was done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

LOCATION
The Happy Jack mine is on the southwest rim above White Canyon in the western part of the White Canyon area, San Juan County, Utah.
The mine is about 15 miles by road east of Hite, Utah, and 75 miles west of Blanding, Utah (fig. 38) ; it is reached either from Hite or Blanding by Utah Highway 95, a graded dirt road that connects Blanding with Hanksville, Utah.

MOENKOPI FORMATION
In the White Canyon area the Moenkopi formation of early Triassic age is 195 feet thick and consists of interlayered beds of brown silt- stone, fine-grained sandstone, and shale; locally, it has a bed of conglomerate at the base. The Moenkopi strata just beneath the Shinarump conglomerate consist of brown micaceous sandy siltstone that has been bleached to grayish green. This siltstone is laminated, the laminae averaging 3 mm thick.

The contact of the Moenkopi formation with the overlying Shinarump conglomerate is an erosional unconformity produced by the flowing water that deposited the sediments of the Shinarump conglomerate.

SHINARUMP CONGLOMERATE
In the White Canyon area the Shinarump conglomerate is discontinuous, occurring in lenticular beds that have exposures ranging from a few hundreds of feet to more than 5 miles in length. A section of the Shinarump as much as 40 feet thick may pinch out within a distance of 2,000 feet.

The Shinarump strata at the Happy Jack mine are about 16 feet thick at the outcrop and thicken to 40 feet behind the rim. The out- crop of the Shinarump strata forms a ledge that extends 1/2 mile northwest and 1 1/4 miles southeast of the mine. Beyond these points the Shinarump pinches out.
The lower beds of the Shinarump conglomerate fill a channel more than 750 feet wide and 10 feet deep cut into the upper part of the Moenkopi formation. Diamond drilling by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission indicates that the channel trends about due west but that the channel apparently bends rather abruptly beyond the south- western limit of the underground workings and continues southwest.

Diamond drilling further indicates that the channel is not well-defined, and that the bottom is marked by numerous scours.

Channels in the Shinarump are common within the mine and range from a few inches to 10 feet in width. This channeling is indicated by the presence of pinched-out beds and of abrupt lithologic changes both laterally and vertically. Three channels have been mapped in the Shinarump rocks (pi. 8).The Shinarump conglomerate is comprised of beds of coarse- to fine-grained quartzose sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone, and clay- stone. Many of the conglomerate beds grade laterally into coarse- grained sandstone; gradation also has been noted between beds of fine-grained sandstone and siltstone.

The sandstone beds range from 1 to 100 feet in length and from a few inches to 4 feet in thickness. A large number of these beds have poorly developed internal stratification, the clarity of this stratification depending upon the type of cross bedding and the angle at which the unit has been transected by the mine working. Most of the stratified units are lenticular, although some tabular units are present. Nearly all of the units have erosional lower surfaces as described byMcKee and Weir (1953).

Structural features within the beds include cross-stratification and contortion of the strata. Cross-stratification is very common in the sandstone beds; most of the sets of cross-strata have planar surfaceso f erosion as their lower bounding surfaces. These planar sets have resulted from beveling of the underlying beds and Subsequent deposition. Nearly all of the cross-stratification sets are lenticular, that is, are bounded by converging surfaces, the lower of which are commonly curved, Most Of the Cross-Strata arch downward and may be described as concave upward, The cross-strata in the part of the mine mapped dip from less than 10° to more than 20° ; the general direction of dip is about N, 65° w, The dip of the cross-strata suggests that the flow of streams here was from the southeast. Most of the cross- strata are termed high angle because the average maximum inclination is greater than 20° (McKee and Weir, 1953). Both medium-scale and small-scale cross-stratification are present, but the medium-scale cross-strata, 1 to 10 feet in length, is more abundant.
Horizontal bedding is common only in sandstone beds and con- glomeratic sandstone beds that immediately overlie siltstone beds in the lower part of the Shinarump conglomerate. These conglomeratic sandstone beds contain abundant interstitial clay and silt.

Many beds have been contorted by slumping that has resulted from the collapse of steep channel sides shortly after consolidation. Such slump features are especially common in fine-grained sandstone and siltstone beds where units as much as 1 foot thick have been distorted. A fault with reverse movement near station R. (pi. 9) has a displacement of 2 feet and is believed to have been caused by rupture and movement at the time the sediments were deposited. Current lineation was observed in the siltstone in the-channel crossing the drift near station 0.

The sandstones are poorly sorted and consist predominantly of grains of quartz, from a trace to 5 percent microcline, and a trace of mafic accessory minerals. Mica seems to be absent in most of the sandstones although it is conspicuous in the sandstone of the Shinarump in most of the White Canyon area. The quartz grains range from angular to subangular, the degree of angularity depending largely upon the amount of authigenic quartz surrounding the original grains. The microcline grains are pale yellow to red, and are commonly subangular. The sandstone is cemented by. clay, iron oxides, and jarosite.

Larger granules and pebbles of quartz, quartzite, siltstone, and claystone comprise from 1 to more than 10 percent of many of the sandstone beds. The pebbles of quartz and quartzite are as much as 1 inch in diameter and are commonly well-rounded. The siltstone and claystone pebbles are most abundant in the lower parts of the sandstone beds and are as much as 4 inches across.

Siltstone occurs in beds ranging from 1 to 4 feet thick and from 10 to 100 feet in length; it is also in small stringers from one-eighth to one-half inch thick and from 1 to 6 feet long. The siltstones are gray, greenish-gray, yellow, pink, or combinations of these colors. Most of the siltstones are sandy, and many grade laterally into sandstones. Horizontal contacts, however, are very sharp and vertical gradations through large ranges in grain size have not been found.

The conglomerate occurs in poorly defined units that are lateral gradations of coarse-grained sandstone. The conglomerate consists largely of pebbles of siltstone and claystone with few pebbles of quartz and quartzite.

Carbonized wood is abundant in the Shinarump conglomerate. Two forms of carbonized woody material have been recognized, a soft black mineral charcoal and a vitreous coal. The wood occurs both as logs and as accumulations of smaller fragments which have been called "trash deposits." These trash accumulations tend to be near the bottom of the sandstone beds, and commonly the contact between two cross-stratified beds will be marked by a thin trash deposit from less than 1 inch to 6 inches thick. Carbonized vegetal material is abundant as partings and fragments in many of the siltstone beds. The largest logs mapped are 2 to 3 feet long and 4 to 6 inches in diameter. Many of the logs have been replaced by sulfide minerals, pitchblende, hematite, limonite, and secondary copper minerals. Many smaller pieces of carbonized wood have been replaced by pyrite.

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www.thesprucecrafts.com/identifying-and-testing-jet-149512

Identifying Jet Stone
A Fossilized Driftwood Used in Victorian Jewelry

By Troy Segal

Updated on 06/09/19



Jet—fossilized driftwood similar to coal— is hard, black or dark brown in color, and found primarily in Yorkshire, England, Spain, France's Aude region, Germany, and other parts of northern Europe, Asia, and North America. Often referred to as "Whitby jet," many souvenirs and mourning pieces made of this substance were carved and sold in this English town during the peak of its popularity.
History of Jet

Early on, jet was used by the ancient Romans to craft elaborate jewelry and by Native Americans for the ornamentation of weapons. In the 19th century, its use flourished in Europe as one of the few substances appropriate for mourning jewelry. (It was worn outside of mourning too.) Its use declined after 1875, replaced by cheaper options like black onyx (chalcedony), black tourmaline, black glass ("French jet"), and vulcanite.
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Around the turn of the 20th century, dwindling supplies of quality material, preferences for more delicate pieces (jet jewelry tends to look massive), and less rigid mourning-dress practices contributed to a loss of interest in the jet material.
Uses of Jet

The pliable nature of jet allows it to be carved, faceted, and polished to a soft warm sheen. Jet jewelry intended for first mourning (the months just after a loved one's passing) was polished to a matte black finish. However, most pieces found today have a polished, glossier appearance.

Jet was used to craft beads and other necklace components which were then strung or linked together with wire. Brooches that display intricate carvings were also constructed with this stone, as were earrings, pendants, and finely crafted jewelry sets.
Identifying Jet

Today, jet jewelry is coveted by Victorian period collectors and can be found in antique shops, online, and sometimes at flea markets. Authentic jet is opaque black in appearance and void of mold lines, like plastic replications set in a mold. The traditional material was hand-carved, so no two pieces will be identical. Most jet jewelry found today is highly polished, but if you're lucky enough to find a piece made for first mourning, it will be matte black.

Natural jet is very light in weight in comparison to French jet, its glass counterpart. Upon the touch, the authentic material takes on a room temperature rather than a cold feel like glass. Additionally, jet will not scratch glass, yet glass will, indeed, scratch jet.
Testing Jet

When touched by a hot pin (carefully, and in an inconspicuous location to avoid damaging the jewelry), jet produces a coal-like odor. For a less-risky method of testing, scrape an inconspicuous area of the piece in question onto a rough surface, like the back of a ceramic tile or the bottom of a piece of unglazed porcelain. If it leaves a brown mark, the piece is likely jet. Do note, however, that vulcanite can also leave a brown mark. So, be sure to look for other jet attributes before making the call.

Note: The hot pin test should only be conducted by a professional. A novice collector could ruin an authentic jet piece or cause a fire if the jewelry is made of a celluloid plastic instead.