Enoch Noxious Weeds

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Weeds of the West is the foremost guide to identifying weeds in Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming. ... Google Books
Originally published: 1991 - Author: Tom D. Whitson

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1. Bur Buttercup 2. Puncture Vine 3. Buffalo Bur 4. Scottish Thistle 5. Russian Thistle -TUMBLEWEED - 6. Tumble Mustard 7. Purple Mustard 8. Kocia 9. Pigweed 10. Wild Lettuce 11.

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1. Bur Buttercup. AKA sand burs

Bur buttercup
(Ranunculus testiculatus)

Bur buttercups bloom and produce fruit early in the spring, soon after the snow melts. Like other members of the buttercup family, each blossom usually has five bright yellow petals. The plants are only about 2 or 3 inches tall, and the flowers are very tiny -- less than a quarter inch across. They often occur in dense mats which cover large areas of the ground along roadsides and in pastures.

Burs developing from the flowers. Each needle is a seed.

The leaves are divided into finger-like segments, so that they resemble a bird's foot. (The buttercup family has the common name "Crowfoot".)
At maturity each blossom develops into a bur, which dries and turns brown.
This plant is a native of southeastern Europe, but has become widespread in many of our western states.
It is highly toxic to sheep.

Bur buttercup (Ceratocephalus testiculatus)
www.cookiebabyinc.com/poisonousplants/burbuttercup.html

Notes on poisoning:
In Utah 150 of 800 sheep that ingested bur buttercup died. Symptoms took less than 24 h and included watery diarrhea, recumbency, weakness, and death. Experimental feeding showed more complete signs, such as tachycardia, dyspnea, anorexia, and occasional fever. Post- mortem findings revealed edema of the peritoneal surface to the ruminoreticulum, subendocardial hemorrhages in the left ventricle, and congestion of the heart, kidneys, liver and lungs. Severity was directly related to the dosage. Death results apparently as a failure of the cardiovascular system, with massive fluid shifts (Olsen et al. 1983).
References:

Olsen, J. D., Anderson, T. E., Murphy, J. C., Madsen, G. 1983. Bur buttercup poisoning of sheep. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 183: 538-543.

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2. Puncture Vine Tribulus terrestris - AKA Goats Head, Devil Horns, etc. Puncture vine is a prostrate, mat-forming summer annual. It has small leaflets and small yellow flowers with 5 petals.
It is also toxic to sheep.



A typical puncturevine plant will produce 200 to 5,000 seeds during one growing season, depending on available soil moisture and other environmental factors. These seeds and those that did not germinate from previous seasons will contribute to the potential weed population the following year.





www.arbico-organics.com/product/puncturevine-weevil-Microlarinus-lareynii-Microlarinus-lypriformis/puncturevine-goathead-texas-sandbur-control

Puncturevine Weevils control Puncturevine weeds (Tribulus terrestris), which are also known as Goatheads, Texas Sandburs, or Jamaica Feverplants. Puncturevine weevils are only available July 1 to approximately September 30th each year. Order the weevils and release as soon as green seed burs have formed.

Be Patient! It may take up to 2 years to reduce the puncturevine weed numbers in your fields. Once established, the weevils will control the puncturevine - a few old seeds may sprout and grow, but the new plants will not make viable seeds nor will the plants spread as rapidly.

ag.colorado.gov/conservation/biocontrol/puncturevine

The most successful biological control agents for puncturevine are Microlarinus lareynii, a seed feeding weevil, and Microlarinus lypriformis, a stem boring weevil. M. lareynii and M. lypriformis have been collected from established colonies around the state. Redistribution of M. lareynii and M. lypriformis is available upon request. Microlarinus are normally shipped mixed together in containers of 100-200 adults depending on availability, which can vary year to year.

How can I order puncturevine weevils and is there a charge?

You can place an order on the Request-A-Bug page. Puncturevine weevils sell for $30 per release of 100 weevils.

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3. Buffalo Bur







en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanum_rostratum

Solanum rostratum is a species of nightshade (genus Solanum) that is native to the United States and northern and central Mexico.[1] Common names include buffalobur nightshade,[2] buffalo-bur,[3] spiny nightshade, Colorado bur, Kansas thistle, bad woman, Mexican thistle, and Texas thistle.

It is an annual, self-compatible herb that forms a tumbleweed.[4] Individual plants reach 1–1.5 m (3.3–4.9 ft) tall, have once or twice pinnatified leaves (see image of leaf), and abundant spines on the stems and leaves. It produces yellow flowers with pentagonal corollas 2–3.5 cm (0.79–1.38 in) in diameter and weakly bilaterally symmetric (see flower-closeup image).[5] In its native range S. rostratum is pollinated by medium- to large-sized bees including bumblebees.[6]

Solanum rostratum flowers exhibit heteranthery, i.e. they bear two sets of anthers of unequal size, possibly distinct colouration, and divergence in ecological function between pollination and feeding.[7] The fruit, a berry, is enclosed by a prickly calyx. The seeds are released when the berries dry and dehisce (split apart) while still attached to the plant.

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4. Scottish Thistle







en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onopordum_acanthium

Onopordum acanthium (cotton thistle, Scotch (or Scottish) thistle, not to be confused with Cirsium vulgare - spear thistle, which is also known as Scotch or Scottish thistle and is the national flower of Scotland.[citation needed] Spear thistle is native to Britain and is common and widespread - Cotton thistle is non-native) is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to Europe and Western Asia from the Iberian Peninsula east to Kazakhstan, and north to central Scandinavia, and widely naturalised elsewhere,[1][2][3] with especially large populations present in the United States and Australia. It is a vigorous biennial plant with coarse, spiny leaves and conspicuous spiny-winged stems.[4]

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5. Russian Thistle - AKA TUMBLE WEED

Russian Thistle (Salsola iberica)
www.co.larimer.co.us/publicworks/weeds/30weeds/rusthis.htm

Russian thistle is a member of the Goosefoot family. It was introduced from Russia and is an annual which reproduces by seed. It is a round, bushy, much-branched plant growing 1 to 3-1/2 feet high. The branches are slender, succulent when young, and woody when mature. The leaves are alternate with the first ones being dark green, soft, slender, and 1 to 2-1/2 inches long. These drop off and later leaves are short, stiff, spiny, and not over 1/2 inch long, with two sharp-pointed bracts at the base. The flowers are small, inconspicuous, green-white or pink, and are usually solitary in the leaf axils. Seeds are about 1/16 inch in diameter and conical.

A different species of Russian thistle, Salsola collina, is a problem in proso millet flelds west of Highway 85. Current research shows the two species are identical in control efforts.

Russian thistle grows on dry plains, in cultivated fields, roadsides, and waste places, chiefly in grain-growing areas. At maturity, the plant breaks off at the base and because of its round shape becomes an excellent tumbleweed, scattering seeds for long distances. It is widespread over Colorado up to 8,500 feet.

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6. Yellow Mustard - Tumble Mustard





en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisymbrium_altissimum

Sisymbrium altissimum is a species of Sisymbrium. The plant is native to the western part of the Mediterranean Basin and is widely naturalized throughout most of the world, including all of North America. After maturity it forms a tumbleweed. Common names of the plant include Jim Hill mustard, tall tumblemustard,[1] tall mustard, tumble mustard,[2] tumbleweed mustard, tall sisymbrium, and tall hedge mustard.[3]
Contents

1 Description
2 Taxonomy
3 Distribution and habitat
4 Ecology
5 Uses
6 References
7 External links

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7. Purple Mustard - Blue Mustard





en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorispora_tenella

Chorispora tenella is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family known by several common names, including purple mustard, blue mustard, musk mustard, and crossflower.[1] This mustard is native to parts of Eurasia but is well known in other parts of the world, particularly in temperate regions, as an introduced species and a noxious weed.[2]

This is an annual herb reaching a maximum of half a meter in height.[1] It has wavy-edged alternate leaves of lanceolate or oblanceolate shape of up to 8 centimeters long, and glandular hairs are typically observed on most parts of the plant.[1][3] The four tiny petals of each cruciform flower emerge from a loose tube of sepals and spread into a corolla about a centimeter wide. The flowers are lavender to pale magenta in color,[1] and a field heavily infested with purple mustard can take on a distinct lavender wash. The flowers have a light scent—more noticeable when many individual plants are blooming together in a large area—which is considered unpleasant by some and fragrant by others.[3] The fruits are long upturned cylindrical capsules about 4 centimeters long containing round, reddish-brown seeds that eventually burst from the fruit pods.[1]

Chorispora tenella

Blue mustard is a winter annual that germinates in the fall and produces a rosette with deeply lobed leaves, similar in appearance to a dandelion.

Blue mustard bears purple or blue flowers at the top of the plant in March through April. Leaves on the flowering stems are coarsely toothed and have wavy margins. The plant may grow from 1 to 1 1/2 feet in height. Two-inch long, bean-like seedpods (siliques) that resemble "beaks" mature in early summer.

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8. Kochia







en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassia_scoparia

Bassia scoparia is a large annual herb in the family Amaranthaceae (sensu lato) native to Eurasia. It has been introduced to many parts of North America,[1] where it is found in grassland, prairie, and desert shrub ecosystems.[2] Its common names include ragweed, summer cypress,[2] mock-cypress, kochia, belvedere, burningbush,[1] Mexican firebrush, and Mexican fireweed,[3] the provenance of the latter three names being the herb's red autumn foliage.

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Traditional medicine

The seeds are used in traditional Chinese medicine to help regulate disorders such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, and atherosclerosis. In a study of mice fed a high-fat diet, an extract of the seeds limited obesity.[16] They contain momordin Ic, a triterpene saponin.[17]

Foraging

The plant is a moderately useful forage for livestock, especially on dry lands.[18] The plant contains higher levels of protein and oxalate than most grasses and fodder plants.[9] However, its use is limited by its toxicity in large quantities.[19] Livestock ingesting large amounts can experience weight loss, hyperbilirubinemia, photosensitization, and polyuria.[20]

Brooms

The plant's common name in Japan is hahaki-gi or hōki-gusa which signify 'broom-tree' or 'broom-weed', and it has traditionally been used to make brooms.[13][21]

In Serbia,[22] brooms are produced by simply tying several dried plants of this species together, using the branches as the broom head and the stems as the handle; this is convenient since the broom does not require a separate handle.[22]

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9. Red-root Pig weed









ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=27466

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth

Amaranthus is a cosmopolitan genus of annual or short-lived perennial plants collectively known as amaranths.[1] Some amaranth species are cultivated as leaf vegetables, pseudocereals, and ornamental plants. Most of the Amaranthus species are summer annual weeds and are commonly referred to as pigweeds.[2] Catkin-like cymes of densely packed flowers grow in summer or autumn.[3] Amaranth varies in flower, leaf, and stem color with a range of striking pigments from the spectrum of maroon to crimson and can grow longitudinally from 1 to 2.5 metres (3 to 8 feet) tall with a cylindrical, succulent, fibrous stem that is hollow with grooves and bracteoles when mature.[4] There are approximately 75 species in the genus, 10 of which are dioecious and native to North America with the remaining 65 monoecious species endemic to every continent (except Antarctica) from tropical lowlands to the Himalayas.[5] Members of this genus share many characteristics and uses with members of the closely related genus Celosia. Amaranth grain is collected from the genus. The leaves of some species are also eaten.[6]

Chemistry

Amaranth grain contains phytochemicals that are not defined as nutrients and may be antinutrient factors, such as polyphenols, saponins, tannins, and oxalates. These compounds are reduced in content and antinutrient effect by cooking.[9][10]