Post by Admin on Aug 7, 2020 3:08:07 GMT -7
Timeline of British history - 43 AD - 1600
AD
43 Roman invasion of Britain, ordered by Claudius, who dispatched Aulus Plautius and an army of some 40,000 men.
60 Revolt against the Roman occupation, led by Boudica of the Iceni, began.
c. 84 Romans defeated the Caledonians at the battle of Mons Graupius
c. 122 Construction of Hadrian's Wall began
c. 383 Beginning of Roman withdrawal from Britain
410 Last Roman left Britain and told the natives to defend themselves from other invaders from overseas, as Rome was under attack from the Goths
449 Hengest, Saxon leader, arrived in England
c. 466 Battle of Wippedesfleot
597 Arrival of St. Augustine
793 Viking raid on Lindisfarne
802 Viking ransacked the monastery on Iona
843 The birth of the Kingdom of Scotland with the union of the Picts and the Scots
878 Battle of Ethandun, defeat of Viking forces, resulted in the Treaty of Wedmore and the establishment of the Danelaw
895 Danish fleet captured by Alfred the Great
11th century
1016 King Cnut, crowned king of England
1034 Death of King Malcolm II of Scotland, Duncan I acceded to the Scottish throne
1035 Death of Cnut
1040 Death of Duncan I, Macbeth acceded to the Scottish throne
1040 Death of Harold Harefoot, his brother Harthacnut acceded to the English throne
1042 Death of Harthacnut, Edward the Confessor acceded to the English throne
1057 Death of Macbeth, Lulach acceded to the Scottish throne
1058 Death of Lulach, Malcolm III acceded to the Scottish throne
1066 Death of Edward the Confessor in January, Harold II acceded to the English throne. Norman invasion and conquest of England, Harold II was killed and William the Conqueror become King of England
1078 Work commenced on Tintern Abbey
1086 Work commenced on the Domesday Book
1087 Death of William the Conqueror
1093 Death of Malcolm III of Scotland in battle against the English
12th century
1100 Death of William II, Henry I acceded to the throne of England
1100 White tower of London was completed
1135 Death of Henry I, accession of King Stephen to English throne
1137 Beginning of a civil war between King Stephen and the Empress Matilda over the succession to the English throne; accession of Owain Gwynedd, the first Welsh ruler to style himself prince of Wales
1154 Death of King Stephen, accession of Henry II to English throne
1164 Constitutions of Clarendon, a set of laws which governed the trial of members of the Church in England
1170 Assassination of Thomas Becket; death of Owain Gwynedd, prince of Wales
1189 Death of Henry II, Richard I acceded to the English throne.
1192 Richard was captured by Duke Leopold of Austria whilst returning from the Crusades
1194 Richard was ransomed and returned to England; accession of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth to the throne of Gwynedd
1199 Death of Richard I, King John acceded to the English throne
13th century
1209 King John excommunicated by Pope Innocent III
1215 The Magna Carta was agreed to by King John at Runnymede
1216 Death of King John, Henry III succeeded to the throne of England
1237 Border between Scotland and England established by the Treaty of York
1240 Death of Llywelyn ab Iorwerth, prince of Wales; Dafydd ap Llywelyn succeeded to the throne of Gwynedd
1246 Death of Dafydd ap Llywelyn; Llywelyn ap Gruffudd succeeded to the throne of Gwynedd (he did not claim the title of prince of Wales until 1258)
1249 Death of Alexander II, king of Scots; Alexander III succeeded to the throne of Scotland
1263 Battle of Largs, an inconclusive battle fought between Haakon IV of Norway and the Scots
1264 Simon de Montfort lead rebel English barons to defeat Henry III at the Battle of Lewes
1266 Scotland and Norway signed the Treaty of Perth under which Scottish control of the Western Isles was acknowledged
1267 Henry III of England recognized the authority of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in Wales
1272 Death of Henry III, Edward I succeeded to the English throne
1277 England annexed Wales, a state of affairs which lasted until 1283
1279 Statute of Mortmain
1282 Death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales; Dafydd ap Gruffudd succeeded to the throne of Gwynedd
1283 Death of Dafydd ap Gruffudd; English conquest of Wales
1287 Revolt of Rhys ap Maredudd in Wales
1294 Revolt of Madog ap Llywelyn in Wales
1297 William Wallace and the Scots defeated the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge
14th century
1305 Capture and execution of Scottish resistance fighter William Wallace by the English on a charge of treason
1307 Death of Edward I, Edward II acceded to the English throne
1314 Decisive victory for Scotland over England at the Battle of Bannockburn
1316 Revolt of Llywelyn Bren in south Wales
1322 Edward II defeated a rebellious baronial faction at Battle of Boroughbridge
1327 Edward III usurped the English throne in January, Edward II was killed in September
1328 England recognised Scotland's independence in the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton
1338 Edward III claimed the throne of France, initiating the Hundred Years' War
1348 The Black Death first arrived in England and ultimately killed circa one third of the population
1356 Battle of Poitiers
1377 Death of Edward III, his grandson Richard II acceded to the English throne
1381 Peasants' Revolt of 1381
1392 Statute of Praemunire
1399 Henry Bolingbroke usurped the English throne became Henry IV
15th century
1413 – Henry IV diesd and was succeeded by his son, Henry V
1415 – Henry V was welcomed back to England after a major victory at the Battle of Agincourt, France
1422 – Henry V died and was succeeded by his son, Henry VI
1471 – Henry VI was murdered and Edward IV was restored to the English throne
1483 – Death of Edward IV, Edward V acceded to the throne
1485 – The Battle of Bosworth Field on 22 August ended the Yorkist reign of Richard III and ushered in Tudor reign, with the reign of Henry VII
1487 – The Battle of Stoke was fought between Henry VII and Lambert Simnel a Yorkist claimant to the throne. It was the last battle of the Wars of the Roses
16th century
1509 England – Henry VIII crowned and married to Catherine of Aragon
1513 England and Scotland – James IV and thousands of Scots killed in defeat at Flodden
1521 England – Lutheran writings began to circulate.
1525 England – Henry VIII sought an annulment of his marriage, which was refused.
1526 England – Cardinal Wolsey ordered the burning of Lutheran books.
1529 England – Henry VIII severed ties with Rome and declared himself head of the English church.
1532 Scotland – Creation of the College of Justice and the Court of Session.
1534 England – Act of Supremacy passed by Henry VIII
1534 England – Treasons Act 1534
1535 England – Execution of Thomas More and Cardinal John Fisher.
1536 England – Execution of William Tindale in Antwerp
1542 Scotland – Mary, Queen of Scots, acceded to the Scottish throne
1547 England – Edward VI crowned King
1549 England – Prayer Book rebellion in south-west.
1553 England – Mary I acceded to the throne.
1558 England – Queen Elizabeth I accedesdto the throne
1559 England – Act of Supremacy 1559
Scotland – John Knox returned from Geneva to promote Calvinism.
1560:Scotland – Parliament legislated protestant reformation of the Church of Scotland.
1567 Scotland – The Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, abdicated and fled Scotland after an uprising by Protestant lords
1571 England – Treasons Act 1571
1579 Scotland – James VI took over government from his regent, James Douglas.
1582 Scotland – Establishment of the University of Edinburgh by Royal Charter.
1587 England and Scotland – Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, at Fotheringay Castle in Northamptonshire on 8 February
1588 England – Spanish Armada destroyed on 8 August
1592 Scotland – James VI enacted the "Golden Act" recognising the power of Presbyterianism within the Scottish church
The Statutes of Mortmain were two enactments, in 1279 and 1290, passed in the reign of Edward I of England, aimed at preserving the kingdom's revenues by preventing land from passing into the possession of the Church. Possession of property by a corporation, such as the Church, was known as mortmain, which literally meant "dead hand". In medieval England, feudal estates generated taxes for the King (known as feudal incidents), principally on the grant or inheritance of the estate. If an estate became owned by a religious corporation which could never die, could never attain majority, and could never be attainted for treason, these taxes never became payable. It was akin to the estates being owned by the dead, hence the term.
The Statutes of Mortmain were meant to re-establish the prohibition against donating land to the Church for the purpose of avoiding feudal services, a prohibition which had originated in the Magna Carta in 1215 and was specifically defined in the Great Charter of 1217. But King John, the author of the Magna Carta, died shortly after it was signed, and his son, Henry III, did not enforce the proscriptions and, to the contrary, showed great deference to the Church.
Henry's son, Edward I, desired to re-establish the precedent set by Magna Carta and the Great Charter. The Statutes of Mortmain thus provided that no estate could be granted to a corporation without royal consent. However, these Statutes proved ineffective in practice, and the problem of Church lands persisted, due to the development of the device of the cestui que use, which side-stepped the royal courts and began – in the ecclesiastical courts – the development of the law of trusts, which separated the legal ownership from the right of occupation or use of land. The issue was only finally resolved in 1535, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries, confiscating all Church lands for the Crown.
